Chapter 15 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought, which could possibly be understood as a mental disorder. Chapter 15 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Establishes uniform definitions and standards for diagnosis

Chapter 15 Abnormal Psychology: Defining Abnormal Behavior

  1. Distress - emotional distress and suffering in Abnormal Psychology
  2. Impairment in function - not able to attend to the daily activities, as they once were able to such as work, relationships, school
  3. Cultural implications - behavior is view as being atypical for that society
Abnormal psychology

Biopsychosocial Model

  • Biological – genetic factors, brain injury, imbalances of neurotransmitters and hormones
  • Psychological – individual experiences that contribute to one’s ability to cope
  • Social and Cultural – influence of others’ behaviors and expectations
  Psychological Disorders 50% people have a diagnosable disorder at some point in their lives.    

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - the person who has constant and exaggerated worry There is little basis for the worries.   Excessive worry occurs most of the days during the week for which they find difficult to control.  They often feel restless, have difficulty concentrating, are irritable, muscle tension, fatigue, heart palpitations and have sleep disturbances.   Adults worry about: job, family, chores, appointments Children worry about : academic, social, athletic performance   The anxiety causes significant distress or impairment in functioning in Abnormal Psychology.   Treatments: Pharmacological Benzodiazepines Antidepressants Treatments: Psychological Cognitive-behavioral treatments
  • Exposure to anxiety-provoking situations
  • Confronting anxiety-provoking thoughts
  • Coping strategies
 
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Panic Disorder: Abnormal Psychology

  Panic disorder - characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional panic attacks Panic attacks involve rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, trembling and faintness.  Hyperventilation, or rapid deep breathing, is a key symptom.     Common co-existing disorder with panic disorder Agoraphobia - an intense fear of open or public places (Fear or avoidance of situations/events)   Treatments: Medications Multiple systems Serotonergic - SSRIs (e.g., Prozac and Paxil) Noradrenergic Benzodiazepine GABA High relapse rates   Psychological Exposure - based Cognitive therapy Relaxation/breathing     Phobias   Phobia - persistent and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that presents no realistic danger – and interferes with daily functioning   Some common phobias include: Open spaces Public speaking Heights Storms (lightening, thunder) Blood Certain animals – (snakes, bugs, spiders, dogs)   Treatments: Cognitive-behavior therapies Exposure Relaxation   Behavioral Treatments Systematic Desensitization - technique that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety provoking stimuli   Systematic Desensitization is a three-step process:
  1. First - building an anxiety hierarchy
  2. Second - involves relaxation training
  3. Third - working through the hierarchy, learning to relax while imaging each stimulus
  Exposure Therapy (Flooding) - a method for extinguishing anxiety by exposing the person to the feared stimulus situation     Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder   Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress Obsessions - repetitive thoughts Compulsions - repetitive actions   Most common compulsive behaviors are: Checking Cleaning   Treatments: Medications SSRIs 60% benefit High relapse when discontinued   Treatments: Cognitive-behavioral therapy Exposure Confronting anxiety-provoking thoughts Highly effective (86% benefit)     Major Depression   Major depression Usually persists for months The person experiences little interest in anything, little pleasure, and little motivation to be productive.   Changes in appetite Feelings of worthlessness, guilt and helplessness Sleep abnormalities (rapid onset of REM) Possible suicide attempt   Genetic predisposition: Close biological relatives diagnosed with depression increases the probability of developing it.  Having biological relatives diagnosed with depression before age 30 increases risk substantially.   No single gene causes depression Genes influence temperament and response to life events   Gender differences: Before adolescence, depression was equally common in boys and girls. From adolescence on, women are twice as likely to experience it.   Hormones Women experience rapid hormonal changes (menstrual cycles, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause). Coping Men tend to distract themselves Women tend to dwell on their feelings (Ruminating is not useful and leads to feeling worse)   Events that precipitate depression: Negative life events Interpersonal crises, intense feelings of frustration, anger or self-hatred, the absence of meaningful life goals   Stress leads to neurochemical changes and disruptions in sleep that can cause depression   Cognitive aspects of depression: The person’s interpretation of the event can influence degree of depression. Our explanatory style is how we account for successes and failures.   Explanatory Style
  1. Stable vs. Temporary – whether a person believes a repeated event will be the same or subject to change
  2. Global vs. Specific - whether or not a person’s explanation generalizes the event to others beyond the specific event in hand
  3. Internal vs. External - whether or not a person believes that they have control or influence over events
  Behavioral aspects of depression: Abnormal Psychology Lack of interpersonal skills – interferes with interpersonal relationships Lack of social support increases vulnerability   Treatment: Cognitive therapy helps people develop more positive beliefs.   Antidepressant medications including:  
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) – prevent the reabsorption of serotonin
  • Tricyclics – prevent the reabsorption of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
  • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) – prevent the enzyme, monoamine oxidase, from breaking down neurotransmitters.
  It usually takes 2-3 weeks for most drugs to take effect. Bipolar Disorder   Moods alternate between mania and depression   Bipolar:  Manic Symptoms   Emotional symptoms elated mood euphoric   Cognitive symptoms racing thoughts soaring self-esteem unrealistically optimistic delusions of grandeur   Behavioral symptoms boundless energy in spite of a reduced need for sleep rapid speech extravagant impulsive behaviors   People with bipolar cycling between periods of depression and mania.     (Age of onset is usually in early 20’s) About 1% of the adult population of the U.S. is diagnosed.   Numerous studies have found that people with bipolar typically have at least one close relative with the disorder.  
Bipolar Relative Concordant Rates
Children with one parent with bipolar 15% - 30%
Children with two parents with bipolar 50% - 75%
Fraternal twin has bipolar 15% - 25%
Identical twin has bipolar disorder 40% - 70%
Drug therapies: Lithium - chemical that controls mood swings How it works is not well understood Toxic at high doses, careful monitoring is necessary Symptoms often return after medication is stopped     Suicide:  People suffering from depression and bipolar disorders consider or attempt suicide. Previous attempts, substance abuse, a history of losses, a recent loss, or a family history of suicide all increase risk.    
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Schizophrenia

  What is schizophrenia? Deterioration of daily activities and two of the following symptoms: Hallucinations Delusions Incoherent speech Grossly disorganized behavior Loss of, or inappropriate, emotional responses   Positive symptoms - the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional thinking)   Negative symptoms - the absence of appropriate behaviors (lack of emotional responses)   Delusions could include: Delusions of persecution “Someone is following me” Delusions of grandeur “I am a king”   Hallucinations:  A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations) – usually they are more auditory and less visual, somatosensory, or olfactory.   Inappropriate Emotions & Actions:  A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying (inappropriate affect) or show no emotion at all (flat affect).   Prevalence: Most frequently diagnosed in young adults Men are diagnosed earlier than women The onset seems sudden There are some markers during childhood Causes: Genetic influences Studies of twins and adopted children suggest a genetic basis.  The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease.   Brain abnormalities - brain scans indicate: The hippocampus and cortical regions somewhat smaller than normal Larger than normal cerebral ventricles Smaller neurons and fewer synapses in the prefrontal cortex   Schizophrenia patients may exhibit enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.   Dopamine Overactivity - researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher    levels of dopamine activity in the brain   Drug Therapy - with the advent of drugs, hospitalization in mental institutions has rapidly declined over the years Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs help to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia. They work by blocking the production of dopamine at the synapses. Side effects of Tardive Dyskinesia Atypical (Second Generation) Antipsychotic drugs Alter activity at both dopamine and serotonin synapse Relieve negative symptoms which earlier drugs failed to do Don’t have the side effects of Tardive Dyskinesia But have their own side effects Most improvement occurs in the first month and after that, the drugs merely maintains behavior. When people stop taking the drugs, the symptoms return. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy - treatment of psychological disorders Psychoanalysis:  The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud. Goal of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them.
  • Free Association - the patient thinks about a symptom or problem and says everything that comes to mind about it
  • Dream analysis - therapist analyzes the symbolic meaning of dreams
  • Resistance - unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy
  • Transference - the client’s experience of feelings previously associated with a parent or other important figure that are “transferred” to the therapist.
Behavior therapy:  applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization – technique that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety provoking stimuli   Exposure Therapy – exposing the person to the feared stimulus or situation   Behavior Modification – desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished Cognitive therapy: seeks to improve people’s functioning by changing how they think about situations Cognitive-behavioral therapy: aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy) Humanistic therapy: aims to help people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance   Client-Centered Therapy
  • Genuineness
  • Unconditional Acceptance
  • Empathy
Family therapy: treats the family as a system Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.   Group therapy - therapy administered to several people at once Benefits of Group Therapy:
  • can help more people at once
  • costs less
  • members benefit from knowing others have similar problems
  • helps to build social skills
  Self-help groups - similar but there is no therapist involved   Eclectic therapists - do not use any single method of treatment exclusively, but a combination of approaches   How effective is psychotherapy? A study by Consumer Reports of mental health treatment and psychotherapy concluded that most mental health treatment is helpful in improving the psychological and emotional well being of clients.  Research shows that treated patients were 80% better than untreated ones. Research has shown that there is no one method of therapy that stands out as being better than others.   There are distinct advantages to seeking professional mental health care.   A trained clinician:
  • keeps confidentiality
  • uses methods with some demonstrated level of effectiveness
  • makes referrals to other professionals if necessary (for example, if a medical problem exists)
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